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Building Enterprise-Grade Blockchain Databases with MongoDB PDF 下载
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Bitcoin was released in 2009 as a digital currency system
via a simple posting to a niche mailing list. Over time,
interest grew not only in the digital currency, but also the
underlying blockchain technology. This has led to a global
blockchain movement that has the potential to transform
not only each industry that it touches, but also the internet
itself.
The World Economic Forum forecasts that blockchain
technologies will become the “beating heart of finance”
within five years. In November 2016 Barclays claimed they
had completed the world’s first blockchain-based global
trade transaction – compressing a process that would
normally have taken up to 20 days to just a matter of
hours.
Beyond financial services, blockchain technology has the
potential to fundamentally transform interactions across
almost every industry – from media and entertainment, to
logistics and supply chain, medicines and patient care,
energy trading and loyalty programs, through to
government and military applications.
What is key to all of these use cases is the elimination of
friction. The blockchain movement is following a path
established by earlier technology revolutions:
• In the 1990s, mass adoption of the internet removed
friction from the creation and distribution of information
and content.
• In the 2000s, mass adoption of open source software
removed friction from developers accessing the building
blocks to create new applications.
• In the early 2010s, mass adoption of cloud computing
and distributed systems removed friction from acquiring
and scaling data center infrastructure, while freeing
enterprises from expensive, legacy technology stacks.
• Now as we approach the 2020s, we are moving
towards mass adoption of blockchain technologies.
The blockchain movement removes friction along three key
axes: control, trust, and value, which in turn unlock new
applications & opportunities:
1. Control – in the new model, multiple entities share
control, that is, the system is decentralized. A fully
1
public blockchain network acts much like a public utility.
Or, in consortiums, different parties (even traditional
competitors) can more easily share data infrastructure
to the benefit of all participants. Finally, even a single
enterprise can dilute risk by having multiple system
administrators share control of that organization’s IT
infrastructure.
2. Trust – in the blockchain model, writes are considered
immutable to enable tamper-resistant audit trails, for
applications from supply chain tracking to art
provenance, from financial auditing to food safety. It also
gives a single shared source of truth, which simplifies
applications from financial reconciliation to tracking
music rights.
3. Value – now, one can issue and transfer assets,
without reliance on a central entity. For example, you
own (and can transfer) the bitcoins at an address if you
have the private key at that address. This concept works
for almost any digital or physical asset. Accordingly,
there are significant opportunities to streamline and
better-secure registries and exchanges, such as land
registries and stock exchanges.
We can summarize as follows. Removing friction along the
axes of control, trust, and value manifest directly as three
blockchain characteristics respectively: decentralized
control, immutability, and assets. With these characteristics in mind, let’s explore some
sample applications. Following that, we will examine
conceptual deployment architectures and the role of
blockchain scalability.
Emerging Blockchain
Applications
This section explores sample applications; and which
blockchain characteristics – decentralized, immutability,
assets – they exploit.
Decentralized. Blockchains instantiate trust between a
transaction’s counterparties, eliminating the need for
central authorities to arbitrate inter-party transactions.
Figure 1 shows how clearing financial transactions
changes as one goes from a centralized ledger to a
decentralized one, i.e. a blockchain. Note that some in the
industry call it a “distributed” ledger though “decentralized”
is more accurate as distributed systems may still be
centralized under the control of a single party.
Blockchains even allow competitors to work together for a
common benefit. An example is R3, which has dozens of
financial institutions exploring how to share their data
infrastructures by applying some principles from blockchain
design, and the Open Music Initiative for the music labels.
Figure 1: A blockchain can replace a centralized ledger for
reduced complexity, cost, and delay
Immutability. This manifests itself in audit trails, or
provenance (the history of ownership). Walmart is testing
blockchains to trace food through its supply chain – from
farm to fork – helping ensure food authenticity and safety,
while reducing wastage. Europe’s largest shipping port is
joining a consortium to use blockchains for sharing of
logistics and contract information, while research in Finland
is focused on integrating shipping containers with Internet
of Things (IoT). An initiative within the Hyperledger project
is building a trusted record of the provenance of medical
drugs, potentially attacking the $75B per annum market in
the supply of fake medications, and the tens of thousands
of lives lost to dangerous counterfeits. In art, verified
sources are a prerequisite to value; 10,000 artists use
ascribe for blockchain-secured digital and physical art
provenance
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