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R Companion for the Handbook of Biological Statistics, version 1.3.2 PDF 下载
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R is a free, open source, and cross-platform programming language that is well suited for
statistical analyses. This means you can download R to your Windows, Mac OS, or Linux
computer for free. It also means that, in theory, you can look at the code behind any of the
analyses it performs to better understand the process, or to modify the code for your own
purposes.
R is being used more and more in educational, academic, and commercial settings. A few
advantages of working with R as a student, teacher, or researcher include:
R functions return limited output. This helps prevent students from sorting through a lot
of output they may not understand, and in essence requires the user to know what output
they’re asking R to produce. Since all functions are open source, the user has access to see how pre-defined functions
are written.
There are powerful packages written for specific type of analyses.
There are lots of free resources available online.
It can also be used online without installing software.
For a brief summary of some the advantages of R from the perspective of a graduate student, see
thetarzan.wordpress.com/2011/07/15/why-use-r-a-grad-students-2-cents/.
It is also worth mentioning a few drawbacks with using R. New users are likely to find the code
difficult to understand. Also, I think that while there are a plethora of examples for various
analyses available online, it may be difficult as a beginner to adapt these examples to her own
data. One goal of this book is to help alleviate these difficulties for beginners. I have some
further thoughts below on avoiding pitfalls in R.
Obtaining R
This topic in SAEPER
For a more complete discussion of installing and running R, see SAEPER: Using R.
A FEW NOTES TO GET STARTED WITH R AN R COMPANION FOR THE HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICAL STATISTICS
3
Standard installation
To download and install R, visit cran.r-project.org/. There you will find links for installation on
Linux, Mac OS, and Windows operating systems.
R Studio
I also recommend using R Studio. This software is an environment for R that makes it easier to
see code, output, datasets, plots, and help files together on one screen.
www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/. It is also possible to install R Studio as a portable
application.
Portable application
R can be installed as a portable application. This is useful in cases where you don’t want to
install R on a computer, but wish to run it from a portable drive. My portable installation of R
with a handful of added packages is about 250 MB. The version on R Studio I have is about 400
MB. So, 1 GB of space on a usb drive is probably sufficient for the software along with additional
installed packages and projects.
R Online
It is also possible to access R online, without needing to install software. One example of this is
rdrr.io Snippets. This site include common add-on packages.
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