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Preface

utilization of the CPU and the speed of its response to its users, the computer must keep several processes in memory. There are many different

memory-management schemes, reflecting various approaches to memory

management, and the effectiveness of a particular algorithm depends on

the situation.

• Storage management. Chapters 11 and 12 describe how mass storage and

I/O are handled in a modern computer system. The I/O devices that attach

to a computer vary widely, and the operating system needs to provide a

wide range of functionality to applications to allow them to control all

aspects of these devices. We discuss system I/O in depth, including I/O

system design, interfaces, and internal system structures and functions.

In many ways, I/O devices are the slowest major components of the computer. Because they represent a performance bottleneck, we also examine

performance issues associated with I/O devices.

• File systems. Chapters 13 through 15 discuss how file systems are handled

in a modern computer system. File systems provide the mechanism for online storage of and access to both data and programs. We describe the classic internal algorithms and structures of storage management and provide

a firm practical understanding of the algorithms used— their properties,

advantages, and disadvantages.

• Security and protection. Chapters 16 and 17 discuss the mechanisms necessary for the security and protection of computer systems. The processes

in an operating system must be protected from one another’s activities.

To provide such protection, we must ensure that only processes that have

gained proper authorization from the operating system can operate on

the files, memory, CPU, and other resources of the system. Protection is

a mechanism for controlling the access of programs, processes, or users

to computer-system resources. This mechanism must provide a means

of specifying the controls to be imposed, as well as a means of enforcement. Security protects the integrity of the information stored in the system

(both data and code), as well as the physical resources of the system, from

unauthorized access, malicious destruction or alteration, and accidental

introduction of inconsistency.

• Advanced topics. Chapters 18 and 19 discuss virtual machines and

networks/distributed systems. Chapter 18 provides an overview of

virtual machines and their relationship to contemporary operating

systems. Included is a general description of the hardware and software

techniques that make virtualization possible. Chapter 19 provides an

overview of computer networks and distributed systems, with a focus on

the Internet and TCP/IP. • Case studies. Chapter 20 and 21 present detailed case studies of two real

operating systems—Linux and Windows 10.

• Appendices. Appendix A discusses several old influential operating systems that are no longer in use. Appendices B through D cover in great

detaisl three older operating systems— Windows 7, BSD, and Mach.